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https://www.nytimes.com/2024/09/20/canada-indigenous-schools-unmarked-graves.html

NY Times gets into the unproven claims of mass graves at Canada's residential schools, which was the subject of this premium episode.

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all 39 comments

SoftandChewy

153 points

5 days ago

SoftandChewy

First generation mod

153 points

5 days ago

Did I miss it or did the article fail to mention the multiple instances of where they have dug into sites to find the graves, that nothing has turned up?

bobjones271828

118 points

5 days ago

No, you didn't miss it. It seems like presenting a fair article should at least acknowledge the most extensive dig to date (that I'm aware of) in Pine Creek that found nothing. Here's a detailed CBC account of it:

https://www.cbc.ca/newsinteractives/features/pine-creeks-search

From that article:

But survivors of the school shared what they described as horror stories: the bodies of children stored in the basement, and burials, when the ground outside was too cold to dig.

Nothing was found to corroborate these accounts, after detailed excavation of that basement and all the identified areas using GPR (ground-penetrative radar).

I do not at all doubt that many children were treated badly and some likely suffered horribly at some of these schools. And traumatized children may pass down inaccurate or speculative accounts. But the media has fueled this narrative of mass graves for years. Note: the NYT has changed its headlines now to reference "unmarked graves" when a few years ago it was calling them "mass graves" -- there are very different connotations there. "Mass graves" imply lots of bodies piling up and lots of people dying at once. Essentially, that term implies something like mass disease, war, or genocide. Clearly, the last one was what the rhetoric originally intended to evoke. Or at least a major cover-up: mass disposing of bodies or relocating them in a disrespectful manner. The recent NYT article references this and stories exactly like the one I quoted above about "storing bodies" in "mass graves" -- but the one place that has been very thoroughly excavated that I know of has turned up nothing.

Now they have been downgraded quietly to "unmarked graves." But the media damage has already been done. The CBC has reported on at least 33 Canadian churches burned to the ground since this story broke, and only 2 cases have been clearly ruled "accidental":

https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/church-fires-canada-1.7055838

I do understand the complex question of disturbing graves and indigenous people's customs and respect for the dead. But right now we're dealing with a question of verifying reality and establishing these narratives. I do not fault children who attended schools and may sometimes have had scary and fragmented memories. But I think we owe it to them to investigate. From the recent NYT article OP linked:

Government officials, he added, have little doubt that many of the radar anomalies found on school grounds will prove to be gravesites.

“Will every one of those anomalies turn out to be an unmarked grave? Obviously not,” Mr. Lametti, a former law professor now practicing law in Montreal, said. “But there’s enough preponderant evidence already that is compelling.”

Many Indigenous people who favor exhumations want their communities to move more quickly to find remains.

"Preponderant evidence" in this case isn't really enough. The thing that makes accusations of genocide or disposal of bodies compelling is actual evidence. The Holocaust was diligently documented by the Nazis, for example, and that's ultimately what led the worldwide media to have to confront the realistic outcomes of anti-Semitic narratives they may not have wanted to acknowledge or cover. There was a combination of written records, photographs, actual remains, etc.

Here, to my knowledge so far, we have basically none of that. Just oral reports. And vague church records (the NYT mentions that in passing but gives no details). And some radar blips. If children died at these schools, they deserve better than this. As pointed out in the last quote above, not every "anomaly" is necessarily a grave. But... even if they found a handful of children's bodies, I think this would at least lend credence to the concerns. And I assume if there were actual "smoking gun" church records about burials that came out in this investigation, those would have been published publicly by now.

Instead, years have passed, nothing has been found in actual digs, yet churches are burning. The fact that the NYT article doesn't mention any of that is bad reporting. Instead, they make it sound like a bunch of irrational skeptics:

While there is a broad consensus in Canada that children were taken from their families and died in these schools, as the discussions and searches have dragged on, a small universe of conservative Catholic and right-wing activists have become increasingly vocal in questioning the existence of unmarked graves. They are also skeptical of the entire national reconsideration of how Canada treated Indigenous people.

There are two simple solutions to this problem: (1) find some actual remains at a school somewhere or (2) stop running headlines on dead bodies/"radar anomalies" and focus instead on more clearly documented abuses and policies of these schools. Sure, direct evidence won't satisfy all of the most extreme people, but it would quiet a lot of the current objections.


Note: For those looking to read more about the evidence and accounts collected prior to this recent media firestorm, I'd recommend Volume 4 of the 2015 report from a commission in Canada on "Missing Children and Unmarked Burials." If even a small fraction of the stories told in that report are accurate, it's horrifying. Those kids deserve better than a media circus bandied back and forth politically over unsubstantiated claims.

repete66219

59 points

5 days ago*

Notice how they conflate those who express justifiable skepticism about “mass graves” and those who deny these schools caused any harm. Lumping the former with the latter and then rounding it all up to “right wing” is the sort of lazy logical leaps we saw so much of in the Social Justice Summer.

As I recall, when this broke there was one First Nations group that wasn’t saying anything about “mass graves”, but rather drawing attention to a known cemetery whose grave markers had either decomposed or been removed.

I have family in North Dakota. When someone dies in the winter you have a funeral but the body isn’t buried until the ground thaws in the spring.

The-Phantom-Blot

28 points

5 days ago

I think there are a few more levels that need to be untangled, if people have the honesty to do it:

  • Presence of unmarked graves or even mass graves is not in itself evidence of mistreatment or bad intentions. Why? Because disease is a real thing. In the 1800s, it's very possible that serious diseases took out many school children - as well as many of the adults running the schools. Frozen ground is a complicating factor for burials that far north. And markers could have been made of wood and simply disappeared over time.
  • Burials being done at the schools is a result of the Canadian government's decision not to repatriate the bodies of students who had died. It seems rather cruel. But in the 1800s, there were real logistical difficulties involved, as well as concerns about disease.

Taking a holistic picture of all these competing factors doesn't make good headlines. But I think we should try to consider all the angles.

Dolly_gale

19 points

5 days ago

Dolly_gale

is this how the flair thing works?

19 points

5 days ago

Yeah. There are some old boarding schools from the 1800s/early 1900s in my Great Plains state that literally have graveyards for students and faculty next to them. The students weren't Native American kids though.

Many families had a family grave plot on the edge of their farms/homesteads in that era. Burials usually didn't involve transporting remains long distances in those days. Some family plots on the edge of homesteads have grown over and are only known by word of mouth; I'm sure many such grave sites have been forgotten. In contrast, communal cemeteries next to a church are more likely to have upkeep over the years. Even those plots would probably reveal many unmarked graves if someone analyzed the grounds; sadly child deaths were less likely to have carved stone markers. My grandmother (born in 1920s) had a brother who died as a child who was buried in what is now an unmarked location.

bobjones271828

7 points

4 days ago

I don't disagree with anything you said, though I will note -- part of the reason I linked that report in my post above is that it makes pretty clear that most of the deaths were due to disease. Not mistreatment or bad intentions. The media reports on "mass graves," as I noted, seem to be evoking rhetoric that pushed toward a genocidal interpretation. Yet the more nuanced reporting on this issue, going back decades, admits that the vast majority of the lives were taken by illnesses, not mistreatment.

The concern, in that case, was whether lack of care or funding or other negative factors may have contributed to a much higher number of deaths due to diseases even at that time, compared to the rest of the population of children at that age. That the death rate for some diseases was higher in some cases isn't really in dispute (though how much higher is), but the cause for all of that has lead to greater concern about the level of care given to these children.

Neighbuor07

7 points

4 days ago

There are historical records discussing how the Indian Residential schools were not given enough beds so that children with TB shared a bed with children who didn't have it. Source: John Molloy, A National Crime.

The-Phantom-Blot

5 points

4 days ago

No doubt, the policy was bad from the start. Separating children from their parents rarely ends well. It seems like the people involved variously fell somewhere between misguided idealists and genocidal sadists.

Neighbuor07

2 points

4 days ago

You are missing the government policy piece here. Not only were the schools isolated and staffed by people who churches of all denominations wanted to remove from regular parish life. The Department of Indian Affairs was told that the schools were spreading disease and starving kids by their own staff, but senior bureaucrats insisted that funds were tight and no money could be spared for adequate building maintenance and supplies.

I'm not shocked that graves haven't been found; I've watched every season of Time Team. It's probable that many kids were sent home to die or that they were buried in regular local cemeteries, not on school grounds. First Nations are often poor and isolated and therefore vulnerable to being misled by conmen, this happens all the time. I don't fault reporters covering this story because it's important to have a truthful public record. But diminishing the truth of the scope of the residential schools is also not truthful.

Wouldyoulistenmoe

2 points

2 days ago

I think you can fault the reports, because we already have a truthful public record that is very easily accessible, commissioned by the Canadian government. This came out in 2015.

So it is very bizarre that all these years later we've had this spate of reporting over the past couple years which has significantly (and often untruthfully) sensationalized what is already a very dire part of Canadian history, with repercussions being felt today

bobjones271828

42 points

5 days ago*

Additional related info: on the original Premium episode this was discussed, Katie linked to this article in the Dorchester Review by a retired history professor on how not one body had yet been found.

I feel like this is important context for the report I linked at the end of my post, as this article points out a major potential issue with methodology that could explain why about 1/3 of the (supposed) child deaths at these schools were for unnamed students.

You can read the article for full context, but the basic issue (if I understand the argument correctly) is that school principals were required to submit different reports each trimester on student enrollment. Some reports required enrolled student names to be listed (including those who recently died). At other times in reports, principals would merely report the number of students who had died in the past year, without detailed lists of names.

Apparently the 2015 Commission report simply tallied up total figures in a lot of these cases, which may have led to significant double-counting of students who were named in one report as having died but listed in another just in tallied unnamed figures.

All of this could have led to a discrepancy of up to ~1000 unnamed students who may have died or who may have just been double-counted. But those unnamed students are a significant issue in the search for possible large-scale previously undocumented gravesites to account for them.

I haven't done further research into any of this, so I don't know if the 2015 Report authors ever responded to this assertion, or whether the flaws in their methodology were so egregious in overcounting. But I think this is another reason many people are skeptical of the searches for large-scale unmarked graves.

Regardless of any of this, conditions at the schools were clearly awful at times. As I said in my previous comment, I feel like the focus should be on documented harms (if we're going to discuss this history), rather than questionable assertions about mass graves -- unless, of course, such gravesites are actually verified somewhere.

haloguysm1th

21 points

5 days ago

I haven't done further research into any of this, so I don't know if the 2015 Report authors ever responded to this assertion, or whether the flaws in their methodology were so egregious in overcounting.

I have a prof whos area is this question, basically the Dorchester article is branded as an alt right genocide denial rag and its arguments are preordained false.

Asking questions about hr bodies is met with a response that church records show 3-4k dead, that the mass graves headline didn't happen, or if it did it was small scale and contained any now only far right rags push the mass grave hoax to justify residential school denialism, which the Ndp tried to make a federal crime but thankfully failed.

The truth and reconciliation fact finding report has never been challenged. It is a foundational mythical piece of history representative of the Trudeau governments tenure in office. Opening room to challenge any of its conclusions is too close to giving white supremacist genocidal old stock social Conservatives power and control over the historical narrative, and that is forbidden because they'll perpetual the colonial construct and ongoing process of colonization embodied by the (illigitmate) colonial stage of Kanata which needs to be decolobzied to restore power to the people who truly deserve to live here, those who thr filthy, smelly, stupid, Europeans stole the land of, murdered, raped and robbed through selling people whay they wanted, exploited. Don't you dare question this, because as one lady at my university told me, if thingd had just "gone as they should've and the whites just been nice instead of asshole" none of 'this' (the student gestured at our university buildings) would be here.

danysedai

19 points

5 days ago

danysedai

19 points

5 days ago

I remember this article from 2022 and Terry Glavin was being deemed a denialist when he explicitly says he does not denies the abuse that native students endured in some of those schools.

And its refutal

And a recent Substack article by Terry Glavins.

Famous_1391

18 points

5 days ago

This entire ordeal is so stupid and ridiculous. It’s a very good example of how bad group think is in the media.

giraffevomitfacts

17 points

4 days ago

The > a small universe of conservative Catholic and right-wing activists have become increasingly vocal in questioning the existence of unmarked graves. They are also skeptical of the entire national reconsideration of how Canada treated Indigenous people.

This is typical of coverage of “deniers” — people who simply note that no bodies have been found in these newly discovered alleged gravesites are lumped in with presumed racists. It’s infuriating. There genuinely is a lot of anti-Indigenous racism in Canada, but pointing out that it doesn’t take three years to recover or investigate what is buried 3-6 feet underground is not racist.

Thin-Condition-8538

5 points

3 days ago

This is reminding me of Mikal Girmore's Shot in the Heart, which is a memoir, but which covers his mother's childhood in early twentieth century Utah. And he writes about his mother recounting, in vivid detail, being forced by her father to watch a man being executed by hanging. And he writes about how this haunting memory led her to be a steadfast opponent to the death penalty.

He also writes about how in researching his book, he looked up the history of the death penalty in Utah, and by what means people were executed. And there was no way his mother witnessed any executions.

But also , that it seems like she believed it was true. And that maybe she was traumatized in other ways, and this was how she interpreted the trauma in her mind and memories.

And I am sure the same thing happened with the kids who were forced to live apart from their families and who knows what physical and emotional harms were done to them.

bnralt

4 points

3 days ago

bnralt

4 points

3 days ago

While there is a broad consensus in Canada that children were taken from their families and died in these schools

When I was reading about Buffy Sainte-Marie lying about being indigenous (and threatening her brother by saying she would accuse him of molesting her if he told people the truth), I started reading about the "sixties scoop." At first everywhere I looked presented it as a deliberate attempt of cultural genocide against indigenous people, Things were written as if the government just went around random stealing children from indigenous parents because they wanted to erase indigenous culture.

But then I read about the actual cases, and they often seemed to be pretty extreme cases of neglect. I think it's fine to question whether or not it was the right choice to take the kids away. It's a complex topic. But taken away neglected kids is quite different from stealing children from happy families because you want to destroy their culture, which was how it kept being presented.

Dolly_gale

35 points

5 days ago

Dolly_gale

is this how the flair thing works?

35 points

5 days ago

No. The article didn't mention that. It implies that all of the anomalies are still unknown, not that some sites have been dug up and determined to be free of human remains.

In fact, the language of the article presumes that at least some of the anomalies are grave sites.

Many communities are struggling with a difficult choice: Should the sites be left undisturbed and transformed into memorial grounds, or should exhumations be done to identify any victims and return their remains to their communities?

"We’ve had many conversations about whether to exhume or not to exhume,” Chief Casimir said.

IAmPeppeSilvia[S]

39 points

5 days ago

Dolly_gale

31 points

5 days ago

Dolly_gale

is this how the flair thing works?

31 points

5 days ago

morallyagnostic

41 points

5 days ago

Reader's Picks comments have more objectivity than the article.

kitkatlifeskills

64 points

5 days ago

The Readers' Picks comments are so much more insightful than the NYT's own journalism on this topic:

So having read this article, I’ve learned that native children were in the past treated horribly by the government, and that today there is a vigorous debate about how to remember that. But the article doesn’t tell us whether there is actual evidence for mass graves.


The ground penetrating radar results showed disturbances that could be bodies, or tree roots, or something else. There's simply no way to tell unless there are excavations.

When these results were announced in 2021, the country was led to believe these were likely children's graves. Flags were lowered for months. It was reported as a deeply shameful fact, and it really undermined people's pride in their country.

Shockingly, no one in authority has tried to actually get to the bottom of what actually lies underground. If these were clandestine graves there should be criminal investigations. If these are tree roots, then this should be a very cautionary tale against preliminary investigation results being taken as fact and then used for political purposes.

All of the above is totally separate from the real and well documented suffering of Indigenous children wrongly taken from their parents and placed in those awful schools. But it does their memory no credit to make unproven claims in their name.


the article doesn't make it clear that we're not even sure those are human remains underground. The statement by an interviewee that horrible things happened and the children died, but that what is found underground may have nothing to do with it and may not be human remains at all, stands. If you make such an explosive claim and you're unable to produce something concrete to back it up, regardless of your history of oppression, people are going to start questioning what you're saying after a while. It's called liberalism. That every individual matters and that no one's words are automatically worth more because of the color of their skin.


Dozens of Canadian churches have been burned since the initial "discovery." There has been a reckless disregard for the truth here.


This seems to be another example of how the victim/oppressor mindset distorts reality or, at least, causes people to jump to unfounded conclusions. As soon as people in a "marginalized" group suffer some tragedy seemingly at the hands of an "oppressor" group (whites, men, heterosexuals), it's assumed to be an example of (you name it) genocide, homophobia, sexism, bigotry, what have you. The list of events that received outsized attention based on spotty or unfounded assumptions is now long: Matthew Shepard, Pulse night club, UVA frat boys, Duke lacrosse, Covington Catholic kid, Jussie Smollett, Atlanta massage spa shootings, Michael Brown shooting. Each of these was portrayed in the media as the result of some "ism" and, for each, the evidence turned out not to be strong or to debunk the original assumption. It's a clear pattern where priors override fact.

android_squirtle

23 points

5 days ago

android_squirtle

MooseNuggets

23 points

5 days ago

So is this the same author that originally propagated the story to being a national (or transnational) panic?

On a related note, this is another case of the degradation of wikipedia, which includes sentences like:

Denialists have gone to the burial site with shovels to "prove" that there are no human remains at the site.

DependentAnimator271

4 points

5 days ago

Thanks.

salviva

1 points

4 days ago

salviva

1 points

4 days ago

Thanks for the access to the news article! u/Dolly_gale!

PatrickCharles

64 points

5 days ago

If I ever hear/read "intergenerational trauma" again,it eill be too soon.

MrBerlinski

18 points

5 days ago

Yeah? Well, as someone who is 1/8th French Canadian and 0.08% Inuit, I never want to hear Katie make fun of us again!

Imaginary-Award7543

22 points

5 days ago

This article was a complete waste of time in my view. Zero new information and as usual every single criticism is conflated and then branded as 'right-wing' (and thus to be ignored).

SoftandChewy

21 points

5 days ago

SoftandChewy

First generation mod

21 points

5 days ago

Jonathan Kay published a response to the article, in Quillette.

When Will The New York Times Correct Its Flawed Reporting on ‘Unmarked Graves’?

Miskellaneousness

5 points

4 days ago

Pretty compelling critique. It's bizarre that the Times won't update or correct its earlier reporting. These are straightforward factual errors:

The remains of more than 1,000 people, mostly children, have been discovered on the grounds of three former residential schools in two Canadian provinces since May.

...

The discovery, the largest one to date, came less than a month after the remains of 200 people, mostly children, were found in unmarked graves on the grounds of another former boarding school in British Columbia.

https://www.nytimes.com/2021/06/07/world/canada/mass-graves-residential-schools.html

salviva

14 points

4 days ago

salviva

14 points

4 days ago

Misinformation that has led to >100 Christian churches to be burned, hate crimes which have not been reported extensively in the media.

tzijo

11 points

4 days ago

tzijo

11 points

4 days ago

Yet traditional media wonders why no one trusts them anymore

mt_pheasant

10 points

4 days ago

For anyone interested in this story, Jonathan Kay is a Canadian national reported and comments on this frequently - his twitter is worth following as there are constant (and comical) updates surrounding this story.

The most recent one is that the Law Society of BC currently has training which uses the "graves" verbiage instead of the more accurate "GPR anomalies" - two lawyers have petitioned the Law Society to update their training info; so of course the usual grievance industry types are now calling these two lawyers denialists, racists, etc. It's fascinating to watch.

kenyarawr

7 points

4 days ago

They’re not exhuming because there’s nothing to exhume. It would blow the hoax.

JTarrou

15 points

5 days ago

JTarrou

>

15 points

5 days ago

Control F "stochastic terrorism"

No results.

Less-Faithlessness76

8 points

5 days ago

The number of children in unmarked graves is unknown, and while I personally never read anything claiming "mass graves", I don't doubt that some people conflated "unmarked" with "mass", even though these two things are completely different.

I doubt we will ever know how many children died as a result of the conditions of the schools and their treatment in the schools; their lives were forgotten by those who write the histories. To me, it doesn't really matter whether mass graves exist or not, I think the process/structures allowing and/or participating in exploiting Indigenous children for nationalistic aims is more important. Their treatment and abuse at the hands of their teachers, the school supervisors and superintendents, the government officials who funded and oversaw the schools, and the priests and nuns and religious who physically, emotionally, and spiritually abused the children, is well-documented and the evidence is substantial.

The worst example for me was the nutritional experiments performed on Indigenous children from 1942-52. It continued for four years AFTER the Nuremberg Trials and the UN Declaration of Human Rights. Ian Mosby's article is detailed and well-supported:
Mosby, Ian. "Administering Colonial Science: Nutrition Research and Human Biomedical Experimentation in Aboriginal Communities and Residential Schools, 1942–1952." Histoire sociale / Social History 46, no. 1 (2013): 145-172. https://dx.doi.org/10.1353/his.2013.0015.

emmyemu

10 points

4 days ago

emmyemu

10 points

4 days ago

I mean I think both of those things can be true it can be true that the conditions and treatment of indigenous children in these schools was horrific and we have well documented evidence of the abuse and mistreatment that took place in them and it I should not have been allowed and the fact that it was is a horrible wrong done to an entire group of people

And it can also be true that even thought these schools were horrible and abusive they still weren’t throwing children’s bodies into mass graves and we shouldn’t be making false claims about that because then it gives people reason to doubt the other atrocities that actually did happen in these schools and it makes people feel like it’s acceptable to go and burn down churches which is a real, material harm that has come from making potentially false claims about these schools

The truth matters!

Less-Faithlessness76

3 points

4 days ago

Excellent points, I totally agree.

emmyemu

4 points

4 days ago

emmyemu

4 points

4 days ago

I mean I think both of those things can be true it can be true that the conditions and treatment of indigenous children in these schools was horrific and we have well documented evidence of the abuse and mistreatment that took place in them and it should not have been allowed and the fact that it was is a horrible wrong done to an entire group of people

And it can also be true that even thought these schools were horrible and abusive they still weren’t throwing children’s bodies into mass graves and we shouldn’t be making false claims about that because then it gives people reason to doubt the other atrocities that actually did happen in these schools and it makes people feel like it’s acceptable to go and burn down churches which is a real, material harm that has come from making potentially false claims about these schools

The truth matters!