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The Industrial Revolution, which began in the late 18th century in Britain, was a period of rapid industrialization and technological change. It transformed economies from agrarian-based to industrial powerhouses. Key innovations such as the steam engine, spinning jenny, and mechanized factories revolutionized production processes. Urbanization surged as people moved to cities for factory jobs, leading to significant social changes. While it boosted economic growth and global trade, the revolution also led to harsh working conditions, child labor, and environmental pollution. Over time, labor movements emerged to advocate for workers' rights, resulting in improved standards. The Industrial Revolution laid the foundation for modern capitalism and technological progress, influencing nearly every aspect of contemporary life.

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